Exhibit 3.1
MERITAGE HOMES CORPORATION
AMENDMENT TO BYLAWS
The Board of Directors of Meritage Homes Corporation, a Maryland corporation (the
Corporation), pursuant to Article XII of Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Corporation (the
Amended and Restated Bylaws) hereby amends the Amended and Restated Bylaws as follows:
FIRST: Article XIII of the Amended and Restated Bylaws is hereby added to read as
follows:
ARTICLE XIII
RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSFER OF SHARES
Section 1. Definitions.
As used in this Article XIII, the following capitalized terms have the following meanings when
used herein with initial capital letters (and any references to any portions of Treasury Regulation
§ 1.382-2T shall include any successor provisions):
(a) 4.9-percent Transaction means any Transfer described in clause (i) or
(ii) of Section 2 of this Article XIII.
(b) 4.9-percent Stockholder means a Person who owns 4.9% or more of the Corporations
then-outstanding Common Stock, whether directly or indirectly, and including shares such Person would be deemed to constructively own or which otherwise would be aggregated with shares owned by such
Person pursuant to Section 382 of the Code, or any successor provision or replacement provision and the Treasury Regulations thereunder.
(c) Agent has the meaning set forth in Section 5 of this Article XIII.
(d) Board of Directors or Board means the board of directors of the
Corporation.
(e) Common Stock means any interest in the Common Stock, par value $0.01 per
share, of the Corporation that would be treated as stock of the Corporation
pursuant to Treasury Regulation § 1.382-2T(f)(18).
(f) Code means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended
from time to time, and the rulings issued thereunder.
(g) Corporation Security or Corporation Securities means (i) shares of
Common Stock, (ii) shares of preferred stock issued by the Corporation (other than
preferred stock described in Section 1504(a)(4) of the Code), (iii) warrants,
rights, or options (including options within the meaning of Treasury Regulation §
1.382-2T(h)(4)(v)) to purchase Securities of the Corporation, and (iv) any Stock.
(h) Effective Date means the date the Board of Directors approved the
effectiveness of the Article XIII.
(i) Excess Securities has the meaning given such term in Section 4 of this
Article XIII.
(j) Expiration Date means the earlier of (i) the repeal of Section 382 of the
Code or any successor statute if the Board of Directors determines that this Article
XIII is no longer necessary for the preservation of Tax Benefits, (ii) the
beginning of a taxable year of the Corporation to which the Board of Directors
determines that no Tax Benefits may be carried forward or (iii) such date as the
Board of Directors shall fix in accordance with Section 12 of this Article XIII.
(k) Percentage Stock Ownership means the percentage Stock Ownership interest
of any Person or group (as the context may require) for purposes of Section 382 of
the Code as determined in accordance with the Treasury Regulation § 1.382-2T(g),
(h), (j) and (k) or any successor provision.
(l) Person means any individual, firm, corporation or other legal entity,
including a group of persons treated as an entity pursuant to Treasury Regulation §
1.382-3(a)(1)(i); and includes any successor (by merger or otherwise) of such entity.
(m) Prohibited Distributions means any and all dividends or other
distributions paid by the Corporation with respect to any Excess Securities received
by a Purported Transferee.
(n) Prohibited Transfer means any Transfer or purported Transfer of
Corporation Securities to the extent that such Transfer is prohibited and/or void
under this Article XIII.
(o) Public Group has the meaning set forth in Treasury Regulation §
1.382-2T(f)(13).
(p) Purported Transferee has the meaning set forth in Section 4 of this
Article XIII.
(q) Securities and Security each has the meaning set forth in Section 7 of
this Article XIII.
(r) Stock means any interest that would be treated as stock of the
Corporation pursuant to Treasury Regulation § 1.382-2T(f)(18).
(s) Stock Ownership means any direct or indirect ownership of Stock,
including any ownership by virtue of application of constructive ownership rules,
with such direct, indirect, and constructive ownership determined under the
provisions of Section 382 of the Code and the regulations thereunder.
(t) Tax Benefits means the net operating loss carryforwards, capital loss
carryforwards, general business credit carryforwards, alternative minimum tax credit
carryforwards and foreign tax credit carryforwards, as well as any loss or deduction
attributable to a net unrealized built-in loss of the Corporation or any direct or
indirect subsidiary thereof, within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code.
(u) Transfer means, any direct or indirect sale, transfer, assignment,
conveyance, pledge or other disposition or other action taken by a person, other
than the Corporation, that alters the Percentage Stock Ownership of any Person. A
Transfer also shall include the creation or grant of an option (including an option
within the meaning of Treasury Regulation § 1.382-2T(h)(4)(v)). For the avoidance of
doubt, a Transfer shall not include the creation or grant of an option
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by the Corporation, nor shall a Transfer include the issuance of Stock by the
Corporation.
(v) Transferee means any Person to whom Corporation Securities are
Transferred.
(w) Treasury Regulations means the regulations, including temporary
regulations or any successor regulations promulgated under the Code, as amended from
time to time.
Section 2. Transfer and Ownership Restrictions.
In order to preserve the Tax Benefits, from and after the Effective Date of this Article XIII
any attempted Transfer of Corporation Securities prior to the Expiration Date and any attempted
Transfer of Corporation Securities pursuant to an agreement entered into prior to the Expiration
Date, shall be prohibited and void ab initio to the extent that, as a result of such Transfer (or
any series of Transfers of which such Transfer is a part), either (i) any Person or Persons would
become a 4.9-percent Stockholder or (ii) the Percentage Stock Ownership in the Corporation of any
4.9-percent Stockholder would be increased.
Section 3. Exceptions.
(a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, Transfers to a Public Group (including a new Public Group created under Treasury Regulation § 1.382-2T(j)(3)(i)) shall be permitted.
(b) The restrictions set forth in Section 2 of this Article XIII shall not apply to an attempted
Transfer that is a 4.9-percent Transaction if the transferor or the Transferee obtains the written
approval of the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee thereof. As a condition to
granting its approval pursuant to this Section 3 of Article XIII, the Board of Directors, may, in
its discretion, require (at the expense of the transferor and/or transferee) an opinion of counsel
selected by the Board of Directors that the Transfer shall not result in the application of any
Section 382 of the Code limitation on the use of the Tax Benefits; provided that the Board may
grant such approval notwithstanding the effect of such approval on the Tax Benefits if it
determines that the approval is in the best interests of the Corporation. The Board of Directors
may impose any conditions that it deems reasonable and appropriate in connection with such
approval, including, without limitation, restrictions on the ability of any Transferee to Transfer
Stock acquired through a Transfer. Approvals of the Board of Directors hereunder may be given
prospectively or retroactively. The Board of Directors, to the fullest extent permitted by law, may
exercise the authority granted by this Article XIII through duly authorized officers or agents of
the Corporation. Nothing in this Section 3 of this Article XIII shall be construed to limit or
restrict the Board of Directors in the exercise of its fiduciary duties under applicable law.
Section 4. Excess Securities.
(a) No employee or agent of the Corporation shall record any Prohibited
Transfer, and the purported transferee of such a Prohibited Transfer (the Purported
Transferee) shall not be recognized as a stockholder of the Corporation for any
purpose whatsoever in respect of the Corporation Securities which are the subject of
the Prohibited Transfer (the Excess Securities). Until the Excess Securities are
acquired by another person in a Transfer that is not a Prohibited Transfer, the
Purported Transferee shall not be entitled with respect to such Excess Securities to
any rights of stockholders of the Corporation, including, without limitation, the
right to vote such Excess Securities and to receive dividends or distributions,
whether liquidating or otherwise, in respect thereof, if
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any, and the Excess Securities shall be deemed to remain with the transferor
unless and until the Excess Securities are transferred to the Agent pursuant to
Section 5 of this Article XIII or until an approval is obtained under Section 3 of
this Article XIII. After the Excess Securities have been acquired in a Transfer that
is not a Prohibited Transfer, the Corporation Securities shall cease to be Excess
Securities. For this purpose, any Transfer of Excess Securities not in accordance
with the provisions of Sections 4 or 5 of this Article XIII shall also be a
Prohibited Transfer.
(b) The Corporation may require as a condition to the registration of the
Transfer of any Corporation Securities or the payment of any distribution on any
Corporation Securities that the proposed Transferee or payee furnish to the
Corporation all information reasonably requested by the Corporation with respect to
its direct or indirect ownership interests in such Corporation Securities. The
Corporation may make such arrangements or issue such instructions to its stock
transfer agent as may be determined by the Board of Directors to be necessary or
advisable to implement this Article XIII, including, without limitation, authorizing
such transfer agent to require an affidavit from a Purported Transferee regarding
such Persons actual and constructive ownership of stock and other evidence that a
Transfer will not be prohibited by this Article XIII as a condition to registering
any transfer.
Section 5. Transfer to Agent.
If the Board of Directors determines that a Transfer of Corporation Securities constitutes a
Prohibited Transfer then, upon written demand by the Corporation sent within thirty days of the
date on which the Board of Directors determines that the attempted Transfer would result in Excess
Securities, the Purported Transferee shall transfer or cause to be transferred any certificate or
other evidence of ownership of the Excess Securities within the Purported Transferees possession
or control, together with any Prohibited Distributions, to an agent designated by the Board of
Directors (the Agent). The Agent shall thereupon sell to a buyer or buyers, which may include
the Corporation, the Excess Securities transferred to it in one or more arms-length transactions
(on the public securities market on which such Excess Securities are traded, if possible, or
otherwise privately); provided, however, that any such sale must not constitute a Prohibited
Transfer and provided, further, that the Agent shall effect such sale or sales in an orderly
fashion and shall not be required to effect any such sale within any specific time frame if, in the
Agents discretion, such sale or sales would disrupt the market for the Corporation Securities or
otherwise would adversely affect the value of the Corporation Securities. If the Purported
Transferee has resold the Excess Securities before receiving the Corporations demand to surrender
Excess Securities to the Agent, the Purported Transferee shall be deemed to have sold the Excess
Securities for the Agent, and shall be required to transfer to the Agent any Prohibited
Distributions and proceeds of such sale, except to the extent that the Corporation grants written
permission to the Purported Transferee to retain a portion of such sales proceeds not exceeding the
amount that the Purported Transferee would have received from the Agent pursuant to Section 6 of
this Article XIII if the Agent rather than the Purported Transferee had resold the Excess
Securities.
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Section 6. Application of Proceeds and Prohibited Distributions.
The Agent shall apply any proceeds of a sale by it of Excess Securities and, if the Purported
Transferee has previously resold the Excess Securities, any amounts received by it from a Purported
Transferee, together, in either case, with any Prohibited Distributions, as follows: (a) first,
such amounts shall be paid to the Agent to the extent necessary to cover its costs and expenses
incurred in connection with its duties hereunder; (b) second, any remaining amounts shall be paid
to the Purported Transferee, up to the amount paid by the Purported Transferee for the Excess
Securities (or the fair market value at the time of the Transfer, in the event the purported
Transfer of the Excess Securities was, in whole or in part, a gift, inheritance or similar
Transfer) which amount shall be determined at the discretion of the Board of Directors; and
(c) third, any remaining amounts shall be paid to one or more organizations qualifying under
section 501(c)(3) of the Code (or any comparable successor provision) selected by the Board of
Directors. The Purported Transferee of Excess Securities shall have no claim, cause of action or
any other recourse whatsoever against any transferor of Excess Securities. The Purported
Transferees sole right with respect to such shares shall be limited to the amount payable to the
Purported Transferee pursuant to this Section 6 of Article XIII. In no event shall the proceeds of
any sale of Excess Securities pursuant to this Section 6 of Article XIII inure to the benefit of
the Corporation or the Agent, except to the extent used to cover costs and expenses incurred by
Agent in performing its duties hereunder.
Section 7. Modification of Remedies for Certain Indirect Transfers.
In the event of any Transfer which does not involve a transfer of securities of the
Corporation within the meaning of Maryland law (Securities, and individually, a Security) but
which would cause a 4.9-percent Stockholder to violate a restriction on Transfers provided for in
this Article XIII, the application of Sections 5 and 6 of this Article XIII shall be modified as
described in this Section 7 of this Article XIII. In such case, no such 4.9-percent Stockholder shall
be required to dispose of any interest that is not a Security, but such 4.9-percent Stockholder
and/or any Person whose ownership of Securities is attributed to such 4.9-percent Stockholder shall
be deemed to have disposed of and shall be required to dispose of sufficient Securities (which
Securities shall be disposed of in the inverse order in which they were acquired) to cause such
4.9-percent Stockholder, following such disposition, not to be in violation of this Article XIII.
Such disposition shall be deemed to occur simultaneously with the Transfer giving rise to the
application of this provision, and such number of Securities that are deemed to be disposed of
shall be considered Excess Securities and shall be disposed of through the Agent as provided in
Sections 5 and 6 of this Article XIII, except that the maximum aggregate amount payable either to
such 4.9-percent Stockholder, or to such other Person that was the direct holder of such Excess
Securities, in connection with such sale shall be the fair market value of such Excess Securities
at the time of the purported Transfer. All expenses incurred by the Agent in disposing of such
Excess Stock shall be paid out of any amounts due such 4.9-percent Stockholder or such other Person.
The purpose of this Section 7 of Article XIII is to extend the restrictions in Section 2 and 5 of
this Article XIII to situations in which there is a 4.9-percent Transaction without a direct Transfer
of Securities, and this Section 7 of Article XIII, along with the other provisions of this Article
XIII, shall be interpreted to produce the same results, with differences as the context requires,
as a direct Transfer of Corporation Securities.
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Section 8. Legal Proceedings; Prompt Enforcement.
If the Purported Transferee fails to surrender the Excess Securities or the proceeds of a sale
thereof to the Agent within thirty days from the date on which the Corporation makes a written
demand pursuant to Section 5 of this Article XIII (whether or not made within the time specified in
Section 5 of this Article XIII), then the Corporation shall promptly take all cost effective
actions which it believes are appropriate to enforce the provisions hereof, including the
institution of legal proceedings to compel the surrender. Nothing in this Section 8 of Article XIII
shall (i) be deemed inconsistent with any Transfer of the Excess Securities provided in this
Article XIII being void ab initio, (ii) preclude the Corporation in its discretion from
immediately bringing legal proceedings without a prior demand or (iii) cause any failure of the
Corporation to act within the time periods set forth in Section 5 of this Article XIII to
constitute a waiver or loss of any right of the Corporation under this Article XIII. The Board of
Directors may authorize such additional actions as it deems advisable to give effect to the
provisions of this Article XIII.
Section 9. Liability.
To the fullest extent permitted by law, any stockholder subject to the provisions of this
Article XIII who knowingly violates the provisions of this Article XIII and any Persons
controlling, controlled by or under common control with such stockholder shall be jointly and
severally liable to the Corporation for, and shall indemnify and hold the Corporation harmless
against, any and all damages suffered as a result of such violation, including but not limited to
damages resulting from a reduction in, or elimination of, the Corporations ability to utilize its
Tax Benefits, and attorneys and auditors fees incurred in connection with such violation.
Section 10. Obligation to Provide Information.
As a condition to the registration of the Transfer of any Stock, any Person who is a
beneficial, legal or record holder of Stock, and any proposed Transferee and any Person
controlling, controlled by or under common control with the proposed Transferee, shall provide such
information as the Corporation may request from time to time in order to determine compliance with
this Article XIII or the status of the Tax Benefits of the Corporation.
Section 11. Legends.
The Board of Directors may require that any certificates issued by the Corporation evidencing
ownership of shares of Stock that are subject to the restrictions on transfer and ownership
contained in this Article XIII bear the following legend:
THE AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS OF THE CORPORATION, AS AMENDED (THE BYLAWS),
CONTAINS RESTRICTIONS PROHIBITING THE TRANSFER (AS DEFINED IN THE BYLAWS) OF COMMON
STOCK OF THE CORPORATION (INCLUDING THE CREATION OR GRANT OF CERTAIN OPTIONS, RIGHTS
AND WARRANTS) WITHOUT THE PRIOR AUTHORIZATION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE
CORPORATION (THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS) IF SUCH TRANSFER AFFECTS THE PERCENTAGE OF
STOCK OF THE CORPORATION (WITHIN THE MEANING OF SECTION 382 OF THE INTERNAL REVENUE
CODE OF 1986, AS AMENDED (THE CODE) AND THE TREASURY REGULATIONS PROMULGATED
THEREUNDER), THAT IS TREATED AS
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OWNED BY A FIVE PERCENT SHAREHOLDER UNDER THE CODE AND SUCH REGULATIONS. IF THE
TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS ARE VIOLATED, THEN THE TRANSFER WILL BE VOID AB INITIO AND
THE PURPORTED TRANSFEREE OF THE STOCK WILL BE REQUIRED TO TRANSFER EXCESS SECURITIES
(AS DEFINED IN THE BYLAWS) TO THE CORPORATIONS AGENT. IN THE EVENT OF A TRANSFER
WHICH DOES NOT INVOLVE SECURITIES OF THE CORPORATION WITHIN THE MEANING OF THE
GENERAL CORPORATION LAW OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND (SECURITIES) BUT WHICH WOULD
VIOLATE THE TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS, THE PURPORTED TRANSFEREE (OR THE RECORD OWNER) OF
THE SECURITIES WILL BE REQUIRED TO TRANSFER SUFFICIENT SECURITIES PURSUANT TO THE
TERMS PROVIDED FOR IN THE CORPORATIONS BYLAWS TO CAUSE THE FIVE PERCENT STOCKHOLDER
TO NO LONGER BE IN VIOLATION OF THE TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS. THE CORPORATION WILL
FURNISH WITHOUT CHARGE TO THE HOLDER OF RECORD OF THIS CERTIFICATE A COPY OF THE
BYLAWS, CONTAINING THE ABOVE-REFERENCED TRANSFER RESTRICTIONS, UPON WRITTEN REQUEST
TO THE CORPORATION AT ITS PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS.
The Board of Directors may also require that any certificates issued by the Corporation evidencing
ownership of shares of Stock that are subject to conditions imposed by the Board of Directors under
Section 3 of this Article XIII also bear a conspicuous legend referencing the applicable
restrictions.
Section 12. Authority of Board of Directors.
(a) The Board of Directors shall have the power to determine all matters
necessary for assessing compliance with this Article XIII, including, without
limitation, (i) the identification of 4.9-percent Stockholders, (ii) whether a
Transfer is a 4.9-percent Transaction or a Prohibited Transfer, (iii) the Percentage
Stock Ownership in the Corporation of any 4.9-percent Stockholder, (iv) whether an
instrument constitutes a Corporation Security, (v) the amount (or fair market value)
due to a Purported Transferee pursuant to Section 6 of this Article XIII, and
(vi) any other matters which the Board of Directors determines to be relevant; and
the good faith determination of the Board of Directors on such matters shall be
conclusive and binding for all the purposes of this Article XIII. In addition, the
Board of Directors may, to the extent permitted by law, from time to time establish,
modify, amend or rescind by-laws, regulations and procedures of the Corporation not
inconsistent with the provisions of this Article XIII for purposes of determining
whether any Transfer of Corporation Securities would jeopardize the Corporations
ability to preserve and use the Tax Benefits and for the orderly application,
administration and implementation of this Article XIII.
(b) Nothing contained in this Article XIII shall limit the authority of the
Board of Directors to take such other action to the extent permitted by law as it
deems necessary or advisable to protect the Corporation and its stockholders in
preserving the Tax Benefits. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, in
the event of a change in law making one or more of the following actions
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necessary or desirable, the Board of Directors may, by adopting a written
resolution, (i) accelerate or extend the Expiration Date, (ii) modify the ownership
interest percentage in the Corporation or the Persons or groups covered by this
Article XIII, (iii) modify the definitions of any terms set forth in this Article
XIII or (iv) modify the terms of this Article XIII as appropriate, in each case, in
order to prevent an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 of the Code as a
result of any changes in applicable Treasury Regulations or otherwise; provided,
however, that the Board of Directors shall not cause there to be such acceleration,
extension or modification unless it determines, by adopting a written resolution,
that such action is reasonably necessary or advisable to preserve the Tax Benefits
or that the continuation of these restrictions is no longer reasonably necessary for
the preservation of the Tax Benefits. Stockholders of the Corporation shall be
notified of such determination through a filing with the Securities and Exchange
Commission or such other method of notice as the Secretary of the Corporation shall
deem appropriate.
(c) In the case of an ambiguity in the application of any of the provisions of
this Article XIII, including any definition used herein, the Board of Directors
shall have the power to determine the application of such provisions with respect to
any situation based on its reasonable belief, understanding or knowledge of the
circumstances. In the event this Article XIII requires an action by the Board of
Directors but fails to provide specific guidance with respect to such action, the
Board of Directors shall have the power to determine the action to be taken so long
as such action is not contrary to the provisions of this Article XIII. All such
actions, calculations, interpretations and determinations which are done or made by
the Board of Directors in good faith shall be conclusive and binding on the
Corporation, the Agent, and all other parties for all other purposes of this Article
XIII. The Board of Directors may delegate all or any portion of its duties and
powers under this Article XIII to a committee of the Board of Directors as it deems
necessary or advisable and, to the fullest extent permitted by law, may exercise the
authority granted by this Article XIII through duly authorized officers or agents of
the Corporation. Nothing in this Article XIII shall be construed to limit or
restrict the Board of Directors in the exercise of its fiduciary duties under
applicable law.
Section 13. Reliance.
To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Corporation and the members of the Board of
Directors shall be fully protected in relying in good faith upon the information, opinions, reports
or statements of the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer, the chief accounting
officer or the corporate controller of the Corporation and the Corporations legal counsel,
independent auditors, transfer agent, investment bankers or other employees and agents in making
the determinations and findings contemplated by this Article XIII. The members of the Board of
Directors shall not be responsible for any good faith errors made in connection therewith. For
purposes of determining the existence and identity of, and the amount of any Corporation Securities
owned by any stockholder, the Corporation is entitled to rely on the existence and absence of
filings of Schedule 13D or 13G under the Securities and Exchange Act
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of 1934, as amended (or similar filings), as of any date, subject to its actual knowledge of
the ownership of Corporation Securities.
Section 14. Benefits of This Article XIII.
Nothing in this Article XIII shall be construed to give to any Person other than the
Corporation or the Agent any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Article XIII.
This Article XIII shall be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the Corporation and the Agent.
Section 15. Severability.
The purpose of this Article XIII is to facilitate the Corporations ability to maintain or
preserve its Tax Benefits. If any provision of this Article XIII or the application of any such
provision to any Person or under any circumstance shall be held invalid, illegal or unenforceable
in any respect by a court of competent jurisdiction, such invalidity, illegality or
unenforceability shall not affect any other provision of this Article XIII.
Section 16. Waiver.
With regard to any power, remedy or right provided herein or otherwise available to the
Corporation or the Agent under this Article XIII, (i) no waiver will be effective unless expressly
contained in a writing signed by the waiving party; and (ii) no alteration, modification or
impairment will be implied by reason of any previous waiver, extension of time, delay or omission
in exercise, or other indulgence.
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